Short-term effect of whey protein supplementation on the quality of life of patients waiting for liver transplantation: a double blinded randomized clinical trial / Efeito a curto prazo da suplementação com proteína do soro do leite sobre a qualidade de vida de pacientes em fila de espera para o transplante hepático: ensaio clínico randomizado

ABSTRACT Background: Chronic liver disease is associated with malnutrition that negatively impacts a patient's health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Aim: To evaluate the short-term effect of whey protein supplementation on the HRQoL and nutritional and functional status of patients waiting for liver transplantation. Methods: This was a double-blind randomized clinical trial with patients waiting for liver transplantation who were randomized into two groups: WP (whey protein supplementation) and the control (casein supplementation). Both groups received 40 g (20 g in the morning and 20 g in the evening) for 15 days. Nutritional and functional status were evaluated. Energy balance was calculated as the difference between energy intake (24-hour recall) and total energy expenditure (assessed by indirect calorimetry). The chronic liver disease questionnaire was used to assess HRQoL. All measurements were performed before and after the intervention. Results: Fifty-six patients were evaluated. Malnutrition was present in 56.9%, and it was directly associated with a poor HRQoL (p<0.05). No improvement on the nutritional and functional status was observed, in either group after protein supplementation. HRQoL improved after WP and casein supplementation, with no differences between groups (p>0.05). Patients who met protein requirements and had a positive energy balance demonstrated a higher HRQoL score (4.9, p<0.05), without between-group differences. Conclusion: Malnutrition substantially reduces HRQoL. Short-term WP or casein supplementation improved similarly the HRQoL.

RESUMO Racional: A doença hepática crônica está associada à desnutrição que afeta negativamente a qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde (QVRS). Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito da suplementação aguda de proteína do soro de leite na QVRS e no estado nutricional e funcional dos pacientes em lista de espera para o transplante hepático. Métodos: Ensaio clínico randomizado com pacientes à espera do transplante hepático que foram randomizados em dois grupos: PS (suplementação com proteína do soro de leite) e Controle (suplementação com caseína). Ambos os grupos receberam 40 g das proteínas (20 g pela manhã e 20 g à noite) por 15 dias. O estado nutricional e funcional foi avaliado. O balanço energético foi calculado como a diferença entre a ingestão energética (recordatório de 24 horas) e o gasto energético total (avaliado por calorimetria indireta). O questionário de doença hepática crônica (CDLQ) foi utilizado para avaliar a QVRS. Todas as medidas foram realizadas antes e após a intervenção. Resultados: Cinquenta e seis pacientes foram avaliados. A desnutrição esteve presente em 56,9% e, diretamente associada à baixa QVRS (p<0,05). A suplementação, com ambas as proteínas, não alterou o estado nutricional e funcional dos pacientes (p>0,05). Entretanto, a QVRS melhorou após a suplementação com PS e caseína, sem diferenças entre os grupos (p>0,05). Pacientes que alcançaram as necessidades proteicas e com balanço energético positivo tiveram maior escore de QVRS (4,9; p<0,05), sem diferenças entre os grupos (p>0,05). Conclusão: A desnutrição reduz substancialmente a QVRS. A suplementação aguda com PS ou caseína melhorou de forma similar a QVRS.

Dietary supplementation with whey protein improves systemic microvascular function in heart failure patients: a pilot study

Endothelial dysfunction is a well-known component of the pathophysiology of heart failure (HF), with proven prognostic value. Dietary supplementation with whey protein (WP) has been widely used to increase skeletal muscle mass, but it also has vascular effects, which are less understood. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of WP supplementation on the systemic microvascular function of HF patients. This was a blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial that evaluated the effects of 12-week WP dietary supplementation on systemic microvascular function, in patients with HF New York Heart Association (NYHA) classes I/II. Cutaneous microvascular flow and reactivity were assessed using laser speckle contrast imaging, coupled with pharmacological local vasodilator stimuli. Fifteen patients (aged 64.5±6.2 years, 11 males) received WP supplementation and ten patients (aged 68.2±8.8 years, 8 males) received placebo (maltodextrin). The increase in endothelial-dependent microvascular vasodilation, induced by skin iontophoresis of acetylcholine, was improved after WP (P=0.03) but not placebo (P=0.37) supplementation. Moreover, endothelial-independent microvascular vasodilation induced by skin iontophoresis of sodium nitroprusside, was also enhanced after WP (P=0.04) but not placebo (P=0.42) supplementation. The results suggested that dietary supplementation with WP improved systemic microvascular function in patients with HF.

Jaboticaba yoghurts enriched with whey protein or albumin: evaluation of phenolic content and color / Iogurtes de jabuticaba adicionados de proteína do soro do leite ou albumina: avaliação do conteúdo fenólico e cor

In the present study, nonfat yoghurt made with whey protein isolate (WPI) or pasteurized egg white powder (albumin) was added with syrup containing jaboticaba pulp and lyophilized jaboticaba peel flour and six experimental groups were made: control yoghurt (CY); WPI yoghurt (WY); albumin yoghurt (AY), syrup yoghurt and WPI (WSY); syrup and albumin yoghurt (ASY) and syrup yoghurt (SY). This study aimed to verify the influence of the addition of fruit syrup on the phenolics compounds and on the instrumental color parameters of yoghurts made with proteins on the 1st and 28th day of storage. There was a significant decrease in total phenolics content in yoghurt containing WPI and syrup (from 1408.14mg GAE.L-1 to 686.73mg GAE.L-1), as well as total anthocyanin content. However, yoghurt containing syrup and albumin showed an increase in total flavonoid content on day 28 of storage (from 28.30mg QE.100g-1 to 38.29mg QE.100g-1). Regarding color, there was an increase in L* and b* values in yoghurt containing syrup and WPI and in yoghurt containing syrup and albumin. For a* values, a decrease was observed at the end of the storage period in samples containing protein (WPI or albumin) and syrup. The data showed that the addition of jaboticaba syrup to yoghurts containing different proteins provided different phenolics compounds contents at the end of the storage period, and different color parameters to the final product.

No presente estudo, iogurtes desnatados feitos com proteína isolada do soro do leite (PIS) ou albumina isolada da clara do ovo pasteurizada em pó (albumina) foram adicionados de xarope contendo a polpa da jabuticaba e a farinha liofilizada da casca da jabuticaba, obtendo-se seis grupos experimentais: iogurte controle (CY); iogurte PIS (WY); iogurte albumina (AY); iogurte xarope e PIS (WSY); iogurte xarope e albumina (ASY) e iogurte com xarope (SY). Neste estudo objetivou-se verificar a influência da adição do xarope da fruta nos compostos fenólicos e nos parâmetros instrumentais de cor dos iogurtes elaborados com proteínas no 1oe 28o dia de armazenamento. Houve uma diminuição significativa no teor de fenólicos totais no iogurte contendo PIS e xarope (de 1408.14mg GAE.L-1para 686.73mg GAE.L-1), bem como no teor de antocianinas (de 158.45mg cyanidin-3-glucoside.L-1para 56.45mg cyanidin-3-glucoside.L-1). No entanto, os iogurtes contendo xarope e albumina apresentaram um aumento no teor de flavonóides totais no 28o dia de armazenamento (de 28.30mg QE.100g-1para 38.29mg QE.100g-1). Em relação a cor houve um aumento dos valores de L* e no valor de b* no iogurte contendo xarope e PIS e no iogurte contendo xarope e albumina. Já para os valores de a* foi observado uma diminuição ao final do período de armazenamento nas amostras contendo proteína (PIS ou albumina) e xarope. Os dados demonstraram que a adição do xarope de jabuticaba a iogurtes contendo diferentes proteínas proporcionaram diferentes conteúdos de compostos fenólicos ao final do período de estocagem, e diferentes parâmetros de cor ao produto final.

Obtención de hidrolizados proteicos bajos en fenilalanina a partir de suero dulce de leche y chachafruto (Erythrina edulis Triana) / Obtaining protein products low in phenylalanine from milk whey and chachafruto (Erythrina edulis Triana)

La fenilcetonuria (PKU) es causada por una actividad deficiente de la enzima fenilalanina hidroxilasa. En los pacientes con esta deficiencia la fenilalanina (Phe) no puede ser convertida en tirosina, aumentando sus niveles en sangre y de otros metabolitos neurotóxicos, provocando un retraso mental irreversible. El tratamiento fundamentalmente se basa en una dieta controlada de Phe. Sin embargo, los alimentos libres o bajos en Phe son escasos. El objetivo de esta investigación es obtener hidrolizados proteicos con bajo contenido de Phe a partir del suero dulce de leche en polvo y harina de E. edulis Triana. El aislado proteico (96,01% proteína cruda) se obtuvo por solubilización y precipitación de las proteínas de la harina, mientras que las proteínas del suero (15,69% proteína cruda) fueron tratadas en su matriz original. Las proteínas del suero y el asilado fueron hidrolizadas enzimáticamente con pepsina y proteasa de Streptomyces griseus. La concentración de Phe se determinó por fluorometría y por HPLC, de lo cual la Phe de las proteínas del suero es liberada una hora antes que las del chachafruto, debido a que las proteínas del suero en parte fueron hidrolizadas en la elaboración del queso. Además, los resultados de la utilización del carbón activados como captor de Phe indican la reducción total del contenido de este aminoácido en los hidrolizados y la reducción de la concentración de otros aminoácidos(AU)

henylketonuria (PKU) is caused by a low activity of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase. In patients with this deficiency, phenylalanine (Phe) cannot be converted to tyrosine, increasing blood levels and other neurotoxic metabolites, causing irreversible mental retardation. The treatment is fundamentally based on a controlled diet of Phe. However, free or low-Phe foods are scarce. The objective of this research is to obtain protein hydrolysates with low Phe content from sweet milk powder and E. edulis Triana flour. The protein isolate (96.01% crude protein) was obtained by solubilization and precipitation of the flour proteins, while the whey proteins (15.69% crude protein) were treated in their original matrix. Serum and asylated proteins were enzymatically hydrolyzed with pepsin and Streptomyces griseus protease. The concentration of Phe was determined by fluorometry and by HPLC, from which the Phe of whey proteins is released one hour earlier than those of chachafruto, due to the fact that the whey proteins were partially hydrolyzed in the elaboration of the cheese. In addition, the results of the use of charcoal activated as Phe captor indicate the total reduction of the content of this amino acid in the hydrolysates and the reduction of the concentration of other amino acids(AU)

Hyperproteic supplementation attenuates muscle damage after simulated Olympic cross-country mountain biking competition: a randomized case-control study

Abstract Aim: We investigated the effect of high-protein (HI-PRO - 70% protein and 30% carbohydrate) and high-carbohydrate supplementation (HI-CHO - 70% carbohydrate and 30% protein) on muscle damage, haemoglobin, immune response, perceived pain and recovery post-simulated XCO. Methods: For this,10 amateur athletes (38±9.6 yrs.) were measured pre-, post- and 24-h post-trial. Results: In comparison to the pre-trial, the post-trial athletes presented leucocytosis (p≤0.001; 14.7±6.1 and 13.6±5.6 cells x103; for HI-PRO and HI-CHO, respectively) and neutropenia (p≤0.001; 11.9±5.2 and 10.7±4.9 cells x103; for HI-PRO and HI-CHO, respectively) but recovered at 24-h post-trial (Leukocytes: 6.9±1.4 and 7.1±1.4 cells x103; for HI-PRO and HI-CHO, respectively; neutrophils: 3.6±1.2 and 3.9±1.1 cells x103; for HI-PRO and HI-CHO, respectively) without a difference between conditions (p=0.808 and p=0.531; for leukocytes and neutrophils, respectively). A similar result was observed for perceived pain and recovery, where the condition did not interfere with these variables between the o measurement moments (p=0.245 and p=0.491; for pain and recovery respectively). There was an interaction effect for lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), where HI-PRO presented a lower serum concentration 24-h post-trial compared to HI-CHO (p=0.039; 181.3±21.9 and 201.0±10.4 IU/L; for HI-PRO and HI-CHO, respectively). Conclusion: HI-PRO supplementation results in better muscle damage recovery but only for LDH. Athletes should evaluate the cost-benefit of choosing the nutrients to be consumed immediately post-training or competition.

Effect of Nutrient Preload and Food Order on Glucose, Insulin, and Gut Hormones / 임상당뇨병

Postprandial hyperglycemia is associated with the risk of diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and mortality. Nutrition therapy is an important component of the management of postprandial hyperglycemia. Postprandial glucose levels are determined by several factors, such as the quantity and composition of nutrients, gastric emptying rates, secretion of incretin hormones, insulin secretion, glucose uptake by peripheral tissues, and endogenous glucose production. Nutrient preload and food order (or meal sequence) are dietary approaches targeting these factors. Nutrient preload reduces postprandial glucose excursion by enhancing insulin secretion, augmenting the secretion of glucagonlike peptide-1, and delaying gastric emptying. Carbohydrates-last food order improves glycemic control, increases the secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1, and decreases insulin requirements. Therefore, both nutrient preload and manipulation of food order can be an effective, safe, and feasible strategy for treating hyperglycemia in individuals with diabetes mellitus.

The effect of Whey Protein Supplementation on duration of Mechanical Ventilation: A pilot study

Introduction@#It is important to wean mechanically-ventilated patients as early as possible to avoid complications such as ventilator-associated pneumonia. Supplementing the diet with additional protein may help to stimulate muscle protein synthesis which may enhance respiratory muscle function and ventilator drive. This study aims to determine the effect of whey protein supplementation on the duration of mechanical ventilation in intensive care unit patients of Ospital ng Makati.@*Methods@#We enrolled forty eligible patients in this openlabel randomized controlled trial and were assigned into two groups: Group A (N=20): patients were given enteral feeding using commercial formula with added whey protein, given as one serving every eight hours (equivalent to 18 g of additional protein per day) and Group B (N=20): patients were given enteral feeding using commercial formula alone. Weaning was started as soon as the patient fulfilled the criteria of spontaneous breathing trial and was considered successful if the patient maintained these criteria for 48 hours after extubation.@*Results@#Our study’s results showed that the mechanically intubated patients in Group A have lesser ventilatordependent days with an average of 5.4 days as compared to those in Group B with an average of 7.45 days (p=0.00). Patients in Group A were also noted to have statistically significant higher increase in serum albumin, mid-arm circumference and triceps skin fold from baseline. Twentyfive percent of patients in Group B developed ventilator acquired pneumonia and none in Group A. No mortality was noted in both groups.@*Conclusion@#Whey protein supplementation in mechanically ventilated patients can be recommended to facilitate early weaning because of its effect on early muscle protein synthesis leading to improvement of lung function and ventilator drive. It can also help in preventing malnutrition and nosocomial infections during critical illness. With all these benefits of whey protein, its use can potentially lead to shorter duration of mechanical ventilation and hospital stay which can also mean less cost of care delivery.

Parte: manejo de la alergia a la proteína de leche de vaca / Part 2: Cow ́s Milk Protein Allergy Management

La lactancia materna es un excelente factor protector y una forma inigualable de facilitar el alimento ideal para el crecimiento y desarrollo saludable. Es imprescindible su recomenda-ción exclusiva durante los primeros 6 meses de vida y de ser posible continuar con la lactancia materna durante la alimentación complemen-taria hasta los 2 años de edad; solo se debe recurrir a fórmulas especiales cuando la madre no pueda amamantar. Para estos casos se dispone de varias fórmulas hidrolizadas, soja y elementales.Las fórmulas hidrolizadas pueden ser extensa o parcialmente hidrolizadas, y ser séricas o de caseína. Las fórmulas extensamente hidroliza-das, han sido sometidas a ensayos clínicos donde se comprueba su hipoalergenicidad al eliminar los síntomas de la Alergia a la Proteína de la Leche de Vaca (APLV) luego de su inicio. Estudios recientes demuestran que la adición de Lactobacillusr hamnosus (LGG) a una fórmu-la de caseína extensamente hidrolizada acelera la adquisición de tolerancia en estos niños en comparación con los pacientes que recibieron fórmula sin adición.La fórmula de soja, aunque no es hipoalergéni-ca, se puede emplear para tratar la APLV, pero no antes de los 6 meses. No se pueden emplear como tratamiento de APLV fórmulas parcial-mente hidrolizadas, ni leche de otros rumian-tes, como oveja o cabra. En pacientes con altos niveles de sensibilización o con antecedente de reacción ana láctica, se recomienda la administración de fórmula elemental. El objeti-vo de la presente revisión es dar a conocer el manejo y uso racional de las fórmulas hidroliza-das y elementales en niños con APLV y así evitar el uso indiscriminado de estas en niños con trastornos funcionales...(AU)

Development and properties of hypoallergenic infant formula

Milk proteins are composed of casein, further classified into αS1-casein, αS2-casein, β-casein, and κ-casein, and whey protein, which is separated into α-lacatalbumin, β-lactoglobulin, serum albumin, and some minor proteins, such as lactoferrin and immunoglobulin. To reduce the allergenicity of protein, heat treatment and enzymatic protein hydrolysis by endopeptidase are necessarily required. Additionally, membrane technology should be applied to produce a protein hydrolyzate, which has consistent molecular weight of peptide and low in free amino acid without allergenic peptide or protein. Extensive casein hydrolyzate and whey protein hydrolyzate are used for protein source of mainly extensively hydrolyzed protein formula (eHF) intended for the treatment of cow's milk allergy. Also, partially hydrolyzed formula (pHF) is developed, which is using a single protein source e.g., whey protein hydrolyzate. The allergenicity of infant formula can be determined according to molecular weight profile and antigenicity reduction compared to intact protein. More than 90% peptides are present in eHF have a molecular weight of 10,000 Da. Generally, antigenicity reduction in eHF and pHF is 10-6 and 10-3, respectively. Even if protein hydrolyzate is manufactured under strict quality control, there is still a risk of cross contamination of allergenic milk components through environmental conditions and the shared manufacturing process. Thus, quality assessment of protein hydrolyzate formula must be performed routinely.

Avaliação sensorial de mousses sustentáveis elaborados a partir de soro do leite em versões tradicional e diet / Sensory evaluation of sustainable mousses prepared from whey protein in traditional and diet versions

Este trabalho objetivou elaborar e avaliar sensorialmente preparações de mousses elaboradas com soro de leite, um resíduo industrial de laticínios rico em proteínas de elevado valor biológico, visando a sua utilização sustentável em duas versões: (1) tradicional com açúcar; e (2) diet. Foi realizada analise sensorial e do potencial mercadológico dos dois produtos, aplicada a 150 provadores adultos não treinados, em Belo Horizonte - MG, em dezembro de 2014, através de avaliação, por escala hedônica de 9 pontos, dos quesitos sensoriais aroma, cor, sabor, textura; e por escala de 7 pontos, para os quesitos mercadológicos de intenção de consumo e de intenção de compra. Os dados obtidos foram comparados por análise de variância e, para a comparação das médias entre as amostras, utilizou-se o teste de Friedman, seguida de pós-teste de Dunns. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. Ambos os produtos apresentaram aceitação sensorial (7,75 e 8,2, respectivamente) e potencial de compra e consumo (4,85 e 5,65, respectivamente) médios elevados, indicando alta aceitabilidade das preparações. Surpreendentemente, a versão diet mostrou-se significativamente mais bem avaliada na observação dos quesitos aroma, sabor, textura, intenção de consumo e intenção de compra (p<0,05) em comparação à versão açucarada, além de exibir coloração semelhantemente, indicando padronização visual. Apresentou ainda maior aceitabilidade e potencial mercadológico. Estes resultados representam elevado potencial para introdução do soro de leite em preparações de mousses e aceitabilidade superior da versão diet. A utilização de soro de leite na elaboração de novos produtos é uma alternativa para a redução de resíduos na indústria de lacticínios, bem como para a elevação da qualidade nutricional e para a redução de custos na elaboração de alimentos, inclusive para dietas com restrição de açúcar.

Functional properties and sensory testing of whey protein concentrate sweetened with rebaudioside A / Propriedades funcionais e teste sensorial de concentrado proteico do soro do leite adoçado com rebaudiosídeo A

ABSTRACT Objective: To develop a natural dietary product with functional benefits for diabetic patients. Whey protein concentrate was obtained through the separation membrane processes and sweetened with rebaudioside A. This product was submitted to sensory testing in humans and used to evaluate possible functional properties in male Wistar rats models with diabetesMellitus induced by streptozotocin. Methods: Two concentrates were produced. Only the second showed protein content of 74.3 and 17.3% of lactose was used as supplementation in induced diabetic rats. This concentrate was obtained from the concentration by reverse osmosis system (180 k Daltons), followed by nanofiltration in a 500 k Daltons membrane and spray drying at 5.0% solution of the first concentrate developed. The concentrate was sweetened with rebaudioside A (rebaudioside A 26 mg/100 g concentrate). All procedures were performed at the Center for Studies in Natural Products, at the Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Three experimental groups were established (n=6): two groups of diabetic animals, one control group and one supplemented group; and a control group of normal mice (non-diabetic). The supplemented group received concentrates sweetened with rebaudioside A in a dose of 100 mg/kg bw/day by an esophageal tube for 35 days. Fasting, the fed state and body weight were assessed weekly for all groups. At the end of the supplementation period, the following were analyzed: plasma parameters of glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides and fructosamine; the serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase, water and food intake. Organs and tissues were removed and weighed to assess mass and anatomical changes. Results: The product presented 74% of proteins and 17% of lactose and showed satisfactory sensory testing by the addition of 26 mg of rebaudioside A/100 g concentrate. Supplementation of the product reduced hyperglycemia, plasma fructosamine levels, triglycerides and total cholesterol, and improved body weight gain of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Conclusion: Whey protein concentrate with substantial content of protein (above 70%) and low lactose was obtained through the membrane separation processes. The addition of rebaudioside A at the concentration of 26 mg/100 g rebaudioside A proved to be as sweet as sucralose with satisfactory sensory testing, which indicates that this is a non-caloric natural sweetener that can replace artificial sweeteners. The product (whey protein concentrate sweetened with rebaudioside A) presented important functional properties and reduced the metabolic disorders caused by the syndrome.

RESUMO Objetivo: Obtenção de um concentrado proteico do soro do leite por meio de processos de separação por membranas, adoçado com rebaudiosídeo A, análise sensorial em humanos e avaliação de propriedades funcionais em modelos de ratos induzidos por estreptozotocina. Métodos: Foram produzidos dois concentrados, mas apenas o segundo, que apresentou teor proteico de 74,3 e 17,3% de lactose, foi utilizado na suplementação de animais diabéticos. Esse concentrado foi obtido a partir da concentração em sistema de osmose reversa (180 Daltons), seguida de nanofiltração em membrana de 500 Daltons e secagem emspray dryer de uma solução a 5% do primeiro concentrado desenvolvido. O concentrado foi adoçado com rebaudiosídeo A (26 mg de rebaudiosídeo A/100 g de concentrado) obtido por meio da extração, separação e purificação das folhas de Stevia rebaudiana. Todos os processos foram realizados no Núcleo de Estudos em Produtos Naturais, da Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Foram estabelecidos três grupos experimentais (n=6): dois de animais diabéticos, um controle e outro suplementado; e um grupo de animais não diabéticos controle. O grupo suplementado recebeu o concentrado adoçado com rebaudiosídeo A na dose de 100 mg/kg peso corporal/dia, por sonda esofágica, por um período de 35 dias. Em todos os grupos, foram avaliadas semanalmente as glicemias de jejum e no estado alimentado, e o peso corporal. Ao final do período de suplementação, os parâmetros plasmáticos de glicose, colesterol total, triglicérides e da frutosamina; os valores séricos de aspartato aminotransferase e alanina aminotransferase e a ingestão hídrica e alimentar foram analisados. Órgãos e tecidos foram retirados e pesados a fim de se avaliarem alterações de massa e anatômicas. Resultados: O produto formulado apresentou 74% de proteínas e 17% de lactose e apresentou perfil sensorial satisfatório por meio da adição de 26 mg de rebaudiosídeo A/100 g de concentrado. A suplementação do produto reduziu a hiperglicemia, os níveis plasmáticos de frutosamina, triglicérides e colesterol total e ainda melhorou o ganho de peso corporal dos ratos diabéticos induzidos. Conclusão: Os processos de separação por membranas utilizados neste estudo proporcionaram a obtenção eficiente de um concentrado proteico do soro do leite, com teor proteico importante, superior a 70% e com baixo teor de lactose. A adição de rebaudiosídeo A ao produto na concentração de 26 mg/100 g de rebaudiosídeo A proporcionou dulçor equivalente ao da sucralose, com perfil sensorial satisfatório, o que indica que esse edulcorante natural não calórico tem potencialidade para substituir os artificiais. O produto obtido (concentrado proteico do soro do leite adoçado com rebaudiosídeo A) apresentou propriedades funcionais importantes, reduzindo alguns distúrbios metabólicos decorrentes dessa síndrome.

Up-regulation of Hsp72 and keratin16 mediates wound healing in streptozotocin diabetic rats

BACKGROUND: Impaired wound healing is a complication of diabetes and a serious problem in clinical practice. We previously found that whey protein (WP) was able to regulate wound healing normally in streptozotocin (STZ)-dia-betic models. This subsequent study was designed to assess the effect of WP on heat shock protein-72 (Hsp72) and keratin16 (Krt16) expression during wound healing in diabetic rats. METHODS: WP at a dosage of 100 mg/kg of body weight was orally administered daily to wounded normal and STZ-diabetic rats for 8 days. RESULTS: At day 4, the WP-treated diabetic wound was significantly reduced compared to that in the corresponding control. Diabetic wounded rats developed severe inflammatory infiltration and moderate capillary dilatation and regeneration. Treated rats had mild necrotic formation, moderate infiltration, moderate to severe capillary dilatation and regeneration, in addition to moderate epidermal formation. Hsp72 and Krt16 densities showed low and dense activity in diabetic wounded and diabetic wounded treated groups, respectively. At day 8, WP-treatment of diabetic wounded animals revealed great amelioration with complete recovery and closure of the wound. Reactivity of Hsp72 and Krt16 was reversed, showing dense and low, or medium and low, activity in the diabetic wounded and diabetic wounded treated groups, respectively. Hsp72 expression in the pancreas was found to show dense reactivity with WP-treated diabetic wound rats. CONCLUSION: This data provides evidence for the potential impact of WP in the up-regulation of Hsp72 and Krt16 in T1D, resulting in an improved wound healing process in diabetic models.

Degree of hydrolysis and peptide profile of whey proteins using pancreatin / Grau de hidrólise e perfil peptídico das proteínas do soro de leite utilizando a pancreatina

In the present study, we used pancreatin for hydrolyzing whey proteins and evaluated the degree of hydrolysis (DH) and peptide size distribution. The following methods were used for DH determination: formol titration, soluble protein content, ortho-phthalaldehyde (OPA), and freezing point. Peptide size distribution was conducted by size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The DH varied from 3.26% to 36.41%, and the highest yield was obtained by the soluble protein content method (mean of 35.85%). Formol titration was considered the most suitable method for assessing the DH, because it showed a marked increase with reaction time (from 1h-17.20% to 2h-24.86%). Significant positive correlation of strong intensity was observed between the following methods: formol titration and OPA (r=0.9616; p=0.0090), formol titration and freezing point (r=0.8784; p=0.0493), and OPA and freezing point (r=0.9515; p=0.0127). The highest contents of di- and tri-peptides and free amino acids were 9.07% and 8.22%, respectively. A significant positive correlation of strong intensity was also observed between the degree of hydrolysis and the fraction of medium-sized peptides by the formol titration (r =?0.9274; p=0.0232) and OPA (r=?0.8977; p=0.0386) methods.

En este trabajo, se utilizó una pancreatina para hidrolizar las proteínas del suero de leche, evaluándose el grado de hidrólisis (GH) y la distribución de tamaño de los péptidos. Los métodos de valoración con formol, determinación de proteínas solubles, ortoftalaldehído (OPA) y disminución del punto de congelación se emplearon para evaluar el GH. La distribución del tamaño de los péptidos se realizó por cromatografía líquida de exclusión molecular. El GH varió de 3,26% a 36,41% y los mejores resultados se obtuvieron con el método de determinación de proteínas solubles (media de 35,85%). La valoración con formol se consideró el método más adecuado para evaluar el GH, en función de los significativos incrementos con el tiempo de reacción (de 17,20% a 24,86%). Se observó una correlación positiva y de fuerte intensidad entre los siguientes métodos: valoración con formol y OPA (r=0,9616, p=0,0090); valoración con formol y disminución del punto de congelación (r=0,8784, p=0,0493); OPA con la disminución del punto de congelación (r=0,9515, p=0,0127). Los contenidos más altos de di-tripéptidos y de aminoácidos libres fueron de 9,07% y 8,22%, respectivamente. Una correlación positiva y de fuerte intensidad se verificó entre la fracción de péptidos medios y el GH evaluado con los métodos de la valoración con formol (r=?0,9274, p=0,0232) y OPA (r=?0,8977, p=0,0386).

Neste trabalho, uma pancreatina foi utilizada para hidrolisar as proteínas do soro de leite, avaliando-se o grau de hidrólise (GH) e a distribuição de tamanho dos peptídeos. Os métodos de titulação com formol, determinação de pro-teínas solúveis, ortoftalaldeído (OPA) e depressão do ponto de congelamento foram empregados para avaliar o GH. A distribuição do tamanho de peptídeos foi realizada por cromatografia líquida de exclusão molecular. O GH variou de 3,26% a 36,41% e os melhores resultados foram obtidos com o método de determinação de pro¬teínas solúveis (média de 35,85%). A titulação com formol foi considerada como o método mais adequado para avaliar o GH, em função dos significativos aumentos com o tempo de reação (de 17,20% a 24,86%). Observou-se uma correlação positiva e de forte intensidade entre os métodos de titulação com formol e OPA (r=0,9616, p=0,0090); titulação com formol e depressão do ponto de congelamento (r=0,8784, p=0,0493); OPA e depressão do ponto de congelamento (r=0,9515, p=0,0127). Os maiores teores de di-tripeptídeos e de aminoácidos livres foram de 9,07% e 8,22%, respectivamente. Correlação positiva e de forte intensidade foi verificada entre a fração de peptídeos médios e o GH avaliado pelos métodos da titulação com formol (r=?0,9274, p=0,0232) e OPA (r=?0,8977, p=0,0386).

Effect of the whey basic protein on bone mineral density / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To examine the effects of the whey basic protein on bone metabolism of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and healthy mid-aged women.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Forty-four female SD rats were randomized by weight into four groups of eleven rats each and fed 10 mg x kg BW(-1) x d(-1), 20 mg x kg BW(-1) x d(-1), 30 mg x kg BW(-1) x d(-1) of whey basic protein and control diet was given respectively by intragastrically injection for 90 days. Bone mineral density of femur was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in vitro. Sixty-three health women [(37.9 +/- 4.3) years old] were randomly assigned to treatment with placebo, 30 mg whey basic protein per day or 60 mg whey basic protein per day for 24 weeks. The bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar vertebrae L2-LA, femoral neck and right calcaneus of each subject were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at 0 and the 24th week of treatment. Serum bone specific alkaline phosphatase and N-telopeptide (NTX) were measured at 0 and the 14th week.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The mean BMD value of the distal end of the femur in 10 mg x kg BW(-1) x d(-1) whey basic protein group was significantly higher than that of the control group at the end of the trail. But after treatment by doses of whey basic protein used in the study, there were no differences between the control group and others groups on bone mineral density in the human trail.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Whey basic protein should enhance the bone mineral density of the rats' femur and no obvious effect was detected in the human trail.</p>

Nutritional evaluation of caseins and whey proteins and their hydrolysates from Protamex / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

Whey protein concentrate (WPC 80) and sodium caseinate were hydrolyzed by Protamex to 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% degree of hydrolysis (DH). WPC 80, sodium caseinate and their hydrolysates were then analyzed, compared and evaluated for their nutritional qualities. Their chemical composition, protein solubility, amino acid composition, essential amino acid index (EAA index), biological value (BV), nutritional index (NI), chemical score, enzymic protein efficiency ratio (E-PER) and in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD) were determined. The results indicated that the enzymatic hydrolysis of WPC 80 and sodium caseinate by Protamex improved the solubility and IVPD of their hydrolysates. WPC 80, sodium caseinate and their hydrolysates were high-quality proteins and had a surplus of essential amino acids compared with the FAO/WHO/UNU (1985) reference standard. The nutritive value of WPC 80 and its hydrolysates was superior to that of sodium caseinate and its hydrolysates as indicated by some nutritional parameters such as the amino acid composition, chemical score, EAA index and predicted BV. However, the E-PER was lower for the WPC hydrolysates as compared to unhydrolyzed WPC 80 but sodium caseinate and its hydrolysates did not differ significantly. The nutritional qualities of WPC 80, sodium caseinate and their hydrolysates were good and make them appropriate for food formulations or as nutritional supplements.

Cow's Milk Protein-specific IgE Concentrations in Two Age Groups of Children with cow's Milk Allergy / 소아알레르기및호흡기학회지

BACKGROUND: About 70-80% of children with cow's milk allergy (CMA) become outgrown clinically by the age of 3 years. Casein, one of the three major cow's milk proteins (casein, beta-lactoglobulin (BLG), alpha-lactoalbumin (ALA) ) has been reported to play an important role in the persistence of CMA. The aim of this study was to determine different effects of causative milk proteins on the persistence of CMA between two age groups. METHODS: A total of 65 patients with CMA were enrolled in this study. Their cow's milk-specific IgEs were positive ( 0.7 U/ml by Pharmacia CAP). After dividing 65 patients into two age groups, under the age of 3 years and over 3 years (persistent CMA), we compared the levels of casein-, BLG- and ALA-specific IgE antibodies between the two groups. RESULTS: There were 44 patients in the group of less than 3 years of age and 21 patients in the group of more than 3 years of age. The concentrations of the specific IgE antibodies to casein, BLG and ALA were not significantly different between the two groups. However, although statistically insignificant, those more than 3 years of age had higher mean values of casein-specific IgE antibodies and lower mean values of whey protein (BLG and ALA) - specific IgE antibodies compared with those less than 3 years of age. A single dominant allergenic milk protein was not identified within either of the two age groups, but the con centrations of the casein-specific IgE antibodies in children with more than 3 years of age tended to be higher than those of whey protein-specific IgE antibodies. CONCLUSION: Although statistically insignificant, the concentrations of the casein-specific IgE antibodies were higher in the group of more than 3 years of age than in the younger group. Moreover, the concentrations of the casein-specific IgE antibodies in children more than 3 years of age tended to be higher than those of whey proteins. These findings implicate that casein plays a certain role in the persistence of CMA.